When Your Therapist Is an Algorithm: Risks of AI Counseling

Lee, Y., Yamashita, N., Huang, Y., & Fu, W. (2020). [PDF] “I Hear You, I Feel You”: Encouraging Deep Self-disclosure through a Chatbot | Semantic Scholar. semanticscholar.org/paper/%22I-Hear-You%2C-I-Feel-You%22%3A-Encouraging-Deep-through-Lee-Yamashita/dd99f5cb66b6243c24929ad6a5a6edde5d821b1e

De Freitas, J., Uğuralp, A. K., Oğuz‐Uğuralp, Z., & Puntoni, S. (2023). Chatbots and mental health: Insights into the safety of generative AI. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 34(3), 481–491.

Citation for published version (APA): Muresan, A., & Pohl, H. (2019). Chats with Bots: Balancing Imitation and Engagement. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – CHI ’19 [LBW0252] Association for Computing Machinery.

Cuadra, A., Wang, M., Stein, L. A., Jung, M. F., Dell, N., Estrin, D., & Landay, J. A. (2024). The Illusion of Empathy? Notes on Displays of Emotion in Human-Computer Interaction. 2024 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–18.

Martinez-Martin, N., & Kreitmair, K. (2018). Ethical Issues for Direct-to-Consumer Digital Psychotherapy apps: addressing accountability, data protection, and consent. JMIR Mental Health, 5(2), e32.

Stiefel, S. (2018). “The chatbot will see you now”: Mental Health confidentiality Concerns in software therapy. SSRN Electronic Journal.

Murdoch, B. (2021). Privacy and artificial intelligence: challenges for protecting health information in a new era. BMC Medical Ethics, 22(1).

Gumusel, E. (2024). A literature review of user privacy concerns in conversational chatbots: A social informatics approach: An Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology.

Davida, Z. (2021). Chatbots by business vis-à-vis consumers: A new form of power and information asymmetry. SHS Web of Conferences, 129, 05002.

Migliorini, S. (2024). “More than Words”: A Legal Approach to the Risks of Commercial Chatbots Powered by Generative Artificial Intelligence. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 15(3), 719–736.

Gondaliya, K., Butakov, S., & Zavarsky, P. (2020). SLA as a mechanism to manage risks related to chatbot services. 2020 IEEE 6th Intl Conference on Big Data Security on Cloud (BigDataSecurity), IEEE Intl Conference on High Performance and Smart Computing, (HPSC) and IEEE Intl Conference on Intelligent Data and Security (IDS), 235-240.

Balcombe, L. (2023). AI chatbots in digital mental health. Informatics, 10(4), 82.

Sedlakova, J., & Trachsel, M. (2022). Conversational artificial intelligence in psychotherapy: a new therapeutic tool or agent? The American Journal of Bioethics, 23(5), 4–13.

Rubin, M., Arnon, H., Huppert, J. D., & Perry, A. (2024). Considering the role of human empathy in AI-Driven therapy. JMIR Mental Health, 11, e56529.

Richards, D. (2024). Artificial intelligence and psychotherapy: A counterpoint. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research.